Obesity and Gastrointestinal Disorders

Question: Examine about the Obesity and Gastrointestinal Disorders. Answer: Presentation Weight is a constant sickness picking up consideration as a significant wellbeing worry in various nations over the globe. Its relationship with gastrointestinal wellbeing has been under examination in the contemporary period since it has significant ramifications for medicinal services and nursing practice (Ng et al., 2014). A few reports have shown an expanded predominance of gastrointestinal maladies in stout people in considers led in various networks. Gastroenterologists and medical caretakers have a significant job in perceiving the expanded pace of stoutness and the causal relationship it holds with various gastrointestinal conditions for sufficiently overseeing corpulence related gastrointestinal confusions. An attention to all affiliations and complexities of corpulence comparable to gastrointestinal conditions is critical for giving far reaching care by the nursing calling (Johnson,2010). The current paper features the connection among heftiness and gastrointestinal wellbei ng with an attention on nursing suggestions for the condition. The paper examines the variables encompassing gastrointestinal wellbeing that are to be considered in the nursing evaluation for stoutness, and gastrointestinal and dietary contemplations that the medical caretaker delivers in furnishing training to a patient with weight. It additionally fundamentally examinations the way where gastrointestinal life systems and physiology is influenced by stoutness and illuminates the most huge diagnostics and pharmacological treatment for corpulence and the job of the medical attendant in giving these. Variables encompassing gastrointestinal wellbeing that should be considered in the nursing appraisal for heftiness Stoutness is a multifactoral, complex condition in which people are put at an expanded danger of wellbeing intricacies because of abundance measure of muscle to fat ratio. Overabundance fat might be because of a lopsidedness of vitality use and vitality admission. For legitimate treatment and the executives of stoutness, it is basic that a productive evaluation of the individual is done for demonstrating heftiness. Aside from the nourishing appraisal of the patient enveloping biochemical evaluation and clinical assessments, one must think about an appraisal of gastrointestinal wellbeing for evaluation for weight. A medical attendant is to do a total assessment of past and current gastrointestinal (GI) data through wellbeing history and physical appraisal. Inquiries are to be posed with respect to side effects like acid reflux, gas, torment, regurgitating, sickness, blockage and looseness of the bowels. What's more, the patient likewise should be gotten some information about entrail propensities, past GI infections and event of jaundice. Physical evaluation needs to incorporate auscultation, assessment, palpation and percussion of the midsection. The midsection is to be reviewed for knobs, wounds and wounds alongside sores, scarring, aggravation and staining. Extension and protruding are to be noted (Hurt et al., 2010). An intensive gastrointestinal wellbeing appraisal is essential for surveying patients for stoutness. A stomach torment evaluation should be done, and patients are to be posed explicit inquiries in regards to torment happening previously or after suppers or at the hour of eating. Questions additionally are to include acid reflux and issues like sore mouth, throat or tongue. Changes in craving, the nearness of queasiness and food narrow mindedness are to be noted adequately. The patients are additionally to be addressed with respect to their utilization of stomach settling agents and diuretics. Furthermore, sum, recurrence and shade of stool are likewise to be noted. The past history of GI maladies like incendiary inside infection and cholecystitis are to be evaluated (Ashburn Reed, 2010). As indicated by Huseini et al., (2014) assessment of the GI tract for appraisal of weight yields significant data that has significant ramifications for arranged treatment. Appraisal is to incorporate upper endoscopy, testing for H pylori and assessment of the nerve bladder and liver issue. A medical caretaker spent significant time in gastroenterological appraisal would add to the correct assessment of the patient. Testing for H pylori is important as contamination from the microbes has been accounted for in practically 40% instances of stoutness. Noninvasive urease test with positive outcome shows irregular endoscopy. Liver histology when done in large patients typically uncovers significant variations from the norm, for example, non-alcoholic greasy liver infection. Liver maladies are in this manner to be surveyed in patients with the assistance of imaging tests like ultrasonography and blood tests. Heftiness is exceptionally connected with gallstones that ultrasonography. It is c rucial to ensure that reasonable signs exist with respect to performing endoscopy in patients experiencing corpulence. Fat people have expanded odds of having upper gastrointestinal side effects just as gastritis and hiatal hernias. It has likewise been set up that corpulent patients are at more danger of fundamental gasterointestinal pathology. Therefore, there can be changes in the edge for completing endoscopy in patients however there might be expanded hazard related with the method. Dietary and gastrointestinal contemplations the attendant need to deliver in furnishing training to the person with stoutness Nursing mediations for patients with heftiness incorporate patient instruction is a significant component. Understanding training for corpulence needs to incorporate segments of a sound eating regimen, standards of legitimate weight the board and the negative effects of gorging, cleansing and fasting. Medical attendants are to give nourishing proposals to the patients with the goal that they can accomplish positive wellbeing results. The helpfulness of diet and required adjustments of any sort are likewise to be disclosed to the patient (Mushref Srinivasan, 2012). Johnson (2010) diagrams the contemplations that medical attendants need to address while instructing a corpulent patient. Patients are to be taught to remember for their eating regimen adequate measure of vegetables and organic products all the time. An unreasonable measure of fat and sugar are to be maintained a strategic distance from no matter what. Sound food decisions made at home are to be empowered, and inexpensive food is to be debilitated. It is significant for the patient to think about the various kinds of fat and their job in a sound eating routine. Patients must think about expending mono, and poly-unsaturated fats as these assistance in bringing down the blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol free and immersed sans fat food choices are to be empowered. Sodium content in food expands pulse and are to be expended in low sum. A reasonable eating regimen with rice, wheat, potato and grain items would be helpful. Different fixings that are to be devoured would incorporate bea ns, vegetables, new lean meat, fish, tofu and egg whites, olive oil, sunflower oil and nuts. Milk and dietary item should likewise be considered in the eating regimen. Medical attendants may likewise persuade patients to eat day by day suppers all together as this has a positive ramifications for dietary patterns. Being aware of the part size of food decisions is likewise essential, and the patient is to be taught in regards to this. Patients are to be taught with respect to the need of physical activities in this specific circumstance. Instructing patients about the importanceof more advantageous food decisions can be frequently tedious and disappointing for medical attendants. It is normal that medical caretakers show persistence and compassion while instructing patients on this issue. Since a medical attendant is on the forefront of taking care of patient issues because of overweight, it is vital that medical caretakers instruct patients about the colossally harming effect of sto utness. Teaching the patient about the gastrointestinal confusions emerging because of heftiness, similar to looseness of the bowels, swelling, queasiness and heaving would help in acquiring social changes the patient. Adequate data is to be given to the patients about the optional wellbeing difficulties that emerge because of stoutness so they know about the potential entanglements they can look at the appointed time. Medical attendants are to confront the issue head-on and not deliberately ignore the difficulties looked by the patients. Basic investigation of the way in which gastrointestinal life structures and physiology is influenced by corpulence The impact of weight on the gastrointestinal physiology and life systems and the succeeding necessity for gastrointestinal techniques warrants basic thought. The connection among corpulence and gastrointestinal issue is transcendently solid to raise the odds that there is a mechanical association between the two. Assessment of how corpulence prompts changes in physiology and life systems of the gastrointestinal (GI) framework or the other way around is embraced the on numerous occasions (Rajindrajith et al., 2014). Information has uncovered that stoutness is connected with the runs and various clarifications come up to portray the relationship. It has been conjectured that patients experiencing heftiness devour an over the top measure of sugars that are inadequately consumed by the human body that is a fundamental driver of osmotic the runs. Especially, patients with heftiness expend more measures of fructose that as far as possible. The discoveries can clarify an area of the connection among corpulence and changes in the gastrointestinal framework. The examinations previously directed have not thought about control of explicit dietary factors, laying arrangements for deciding whether the set up relationship holds odds of being quieted or dispensed with. It is further conceivable that proton siphon inhibitors (PPIs) perplex the connection between gastrointestinal maladies and stoutness. Patients with gastroesophageal reflux illness (GERD) have expanded odds of accepting PPI treatment in contras t with patients not having GERD. PPI treatment advances the various types of bacterial abundance because of the disposal of gastric corrosive that advances stomach torment, stoppage, swelling and side effects identified with dyspepsia. Also, PPI treatment adjusts duodenal, gastric, and intestinal ba

Women in Agriculture Essay Example

Ladies in Agriculture Essay Ladies in Agriculture 1 Women in Agriculture Heather Heath Dr. Alston April 2010 AGED Women in Agriculture 2 Table of Contents Women Farmers3 One Woman in Agriculture6 Female Agricultural Educators7 Women as Agricultural Extension Agents11 Women in the Public Arena12 History of Women in the FFA15 Women Farmers in Florida16 Women in Agriculture in Arkansas17 Women in Agriculture in Minnesota20 Denise O’Brien22 The Power of Women in Agriculture in Foreign Countries 22 Women Farmers in Africa24 The Future27 Organizations for Women in Agriculture 29 History of Women in Agriculture30 Women in Agriculture 3 Ladies Farmers Women in horticulture are a different, significant and regularly neglected segment of agribusiness. In the course of recent years there has been a developing affirmation of the significant jobs ladies play in horticulture. Notwithstanding, the US is as yet ruled by white guys who are customarily accountable for dynamic and activity. Starting at 2002, about 2% of ranches were worked by ladies, as per the National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS). A significant number of the ranches worked by ladies in the United States are little scope cultivates that procure under $50,000 every year. (Female Farmer, 2002) Numerous ladies are going to maintainable and elective cultivating in light of the troubles they are looking with conventional horticulture. Ladies who are Hispanic, African American, and Native American might be particularly burdened because of recorded and auxiliary prejudice in ranch associations and government and state laws in the United States. Today just 1% of ranches are worked by African Americans. (Female Farmer, 2002) Many ladies ranch all alone or as accomplices in crafted by family cultivates. Ladies on ranches perform family undertakings, tend nurseries, domesticated animals, and aid the fields varying. We will compose a custom article test on Women in Agriculture explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Women in Agriculture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Women in Agriculture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Frequently ladies help bolster the ranch activities or family units through paid homestead work for other people, or through off-ranch and nonfarm organizations or paid business. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 4 Agricultural training was dominatingly a male calling until late years. With the quantity of female farming teachers rising, the quantity of female understudies taking a crack at rural training programs has risen. A test for ladies rural teachers is adjusting profession and family. You must have a decent emotionally supportive network set up at home to venture out to state and national FFA occasions. Buehler, 2008) A Department of Agriculture review shows that the quantity of ladies possessed homesteads in the United States is developing near a quarter million. These ladies have discovered that they should be imaginative so as to make due on the homestead. Females make up almost 40% of the half-million individuals from the National FFA Organization. A considerable lot of these females hold key initiative situations in the FFA. (Ladies in Ag, 2008) For additional ladies to get engaged with horticulture sexual orientation and social value must be actualized in AKST (Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology) strategies and practices. Need must be given to women’s access to training, data, science and innovation, and augmentation administrations. This will improve women’s access, proprietorship and control of monetary and common assets. Different things that will assist ladies with prevailing in horticulture are improving women’s working and everyday environments in country regions, offering need to innovative advancement approaches focusing on provincial and ranch women’s needs and perceiving their insight, abilities and experience. (2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census of Agriculture shows that the job of ladies is proceeding to develop in U. S. farming. Ladies are running more homesteads and farms, working more land, and delivering a more noteworthy estimation of agribusiness items than they were five years back. The 2007 Census Women in Agriculture 5 tallied 3. 3 million U. S. ranch administrators and 30. 2 percent, more than 1 million, were ladies. The absolute number of ladies administrators expanded 19 percent since 2002. The quantity of ladies who were the main administrators of a homestead or farm expanded by just about 30 percent. Ladies are currently the important administrators of 14 percent of the nation’s 2. 2 million ranches. 2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census additionally demonstrated that most of female homestead administrators are Caucasian. A developing percent are of different races and ethnicity. The biggest number of ladies minority administrators is American Indian, trailed by administrators who are Hispanic. (2007 Census, 2007) Farms worked by ladies have demonstrated to be differing in what t hey produce. Ladies are substantially more likely than men to work ranchers delegated â€Å"other animals farms,† a classification that incorporates horse ranches, or â€Å"all other crops,† which incorporates roughage ranches. Men are substantially more liable to run grain and oilseed ranches and meat cows tasks. (2007 Census, 2007) The level of ladies worked ranches is most elevated in the West and in New England. The states with the most noteworthy level of ladies head administrators are Arizona with 38. 5 percent, New Hampshire with 29. 7 percent, Massachusetts with 28. 9 percent, Maine with 25. 1 percent and Alaska with 24. 5 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) The states with the most minimal rates of ladies administrators are in the Midwest. Ladies make up under 10 percent of all homestead administrators in four Midwestern states: South Dakota with 7. percent, Nebraska with 8. 4 percent, Minnesota with 9. 1 percent, and Iowa with 9. 1 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) Women in Agriculture 6 One Woman in Agriculture As I led look into for this paper I started to understand that the historical backdrop of my vocation in agribusiness was significant. I started my vocation in Agriculture in 1999 as a Horticulture St udent at Lenoir Community College in Kinston, NC. I began to look all starry eyed at plants and realized this was a profession I could never forsake. Cultivation is an augmentation of horticulture and a very testing profession. A significant part of the exploration I have found on horticulture shows that ladies are a minority in the field of farming and that it very well may be a troublesome vocation decision for some ladies. I concur with this. I have had accomplishment in the field of agribusiness however a considerable lot of the young ladies I went to class with are no longer in the field and have returned to class to do various things. Farming and cultivation are commonly viewed as vocations for men. In any case, men are not by any means the only ones who can carry out the responsibility well. My first occupation out of school was dealing with a nursery place. This was an amazingly fascinating activity and I adapted to such an extent. I at that point moved to Atlanta Georgia and dealt with an Interiorscaping Plant Company. I appreciated the indoor plant business definitely and kept on doing that for a long time. I at that point moved back to Kinston and started showing agriculture on low maintenance premise. I have trained cultivation at the junior college level both low maintenance and full-time. I chose to start chipping away at my bachelor’s certificate in Agriculture Education three years back. I have found out such a great amount about the field of horticulture through the classes I have taken at Ladies in Agriculture 7 North Carolina Aamp;T. I intend to proceed with my vocation in horticulture and ideally seek after my master’s qualification in farming too. Horticulture is an energizing and consistently changing profession with numerous alternatives. I don't know whether I need to work in augmentation or at the secondary school level when I complete my degree. Both would be superb profession decisions with state advantages and retirement. Whatever I picked it will be in the field of farming as I probably am aware it is the best profession decision for me. Female Agricultural Educators An investigation was as of late led by the University of Georgia to decide realities about ladies in agrarian instruction in Georgia. The examination found that the normal female agrarian instructor in Georgia was 32 years of age, had never been hitched or was hitched with one youngster, had a Master’s qualification and six years of educating experience. The investigation likewise found that the normal female rural instructor had past involvement in FFA or 4-H in secondary school, had past involvement with some agrarian related industry region, and spent a normal of 43 hours out of each week finishing her expert obligations. Females in the examination were happy with their vocations and felt acknowledged by understudies, directors, guardians of understudies and the network. The number of inhabitants in the investigation was all female horticultural teachers in Georgia. The study was regulated and information was gathered at neighborhood farming educators gatherings facilitated by the State Department of Education. The investigation found that 21 percent of agrarian training instructors in Georgia were female. Of the 84 percent that reacted to the review, 43 percent were hitched and 44 percent had never been hitched, and 34 percent of them had youngsters. The ages Women in Agriculture 8 f the educators ran from 23 to 51 with a normal age 32. 45 years. 40% of respondents had instructed one to five years, 15 percent of respondents had instructed six to ten years, 10 percent had instructed eleven to fifteen years, 7. 5 percent had instructed sixteen to twenty years, and 7. 5 percent had educated more than tw enty years. (Diary of South, 2006) Fifty one percent of respondents had agrarian instruction courses in secondary school and were previous individuals from The National FFA Organization. Sixty-six percent of the respondents had past involvement with some region of the horticultural business. Thirty-six percent of the ladies held Bachelor’s degrees, 44 percent held Masters degrees, 17 percent held Specialist degrees, an

Learning Activaties Essay

When working with youngsters particularly kids who you support in class you will be allowed the chance to include your own thoughts into the educators arranging, as you have your own subject matters or on the off chance that you are a balanced you will have your own insight into the kid you work with. At the point when you work with kids with extraordinary necessities they will require more structure in the exercises that they do each day and you will know about their qualities and shortcomings. The kid that I work with in school has a scope of troubles from social correspondence challenges to a discourse and language issue. Regular is distinctive in light of the fact that he is so compatible, one day he will sit and work with me and the following he won't need anything to do with me, here and there this makes it hard as the vast majority of the work we do is organized around work given by different experts who come into school to help him (discourse and language, training clinician, correspondence and association group and learning support). Since I work with him consistently I can perceive what works with him and what doesn’t and pretty much day by day I need to offer criticism to her so we can both arrangement the exercises for him for the following day. Here are a couple of instances of when I have offered productive recommendations in supporting arranged learning exercises:- I was sat with the educator one morning before the youngsters came into school since that is the point at which we do our making arrangements for the kid I backing or we change whatever he must be bolstered with in class. I saw that the educator had arranged an expressions and specialty exercise that included the utilization of tissue paper, the kid that I support doesn't care for the touch or feel of tissue paper (I had done an action with him the other week which had brought about him declining to whatever else with the tissue paper has he didn't care for the vibe he got so furious and I needed to put the tissue paper away). I referenced this to the educator since I needed my kid to be engaged with the exercise however I didn't what them to upset the remainder of the class. So we concluded that we would adjust the materials we were utilizing for the youngster that I support as well as for the entire class with the goal that he could feel remembered for the entire exercise. Another model was the point at which I was working with a gathering of youngsters doing a numeracy exercise. The exercise was tied in with gathering numbers together to the closest ten, I had a gathering of six youngsters one of which as uncommon needs first the educator disclosed to them in class what they were relied upon to and revealed to them how to do it, I at that point took the six kids outside of the class and bolstered them with the exercise. The youngsters found the errand troublesome and couldn't get a handle on adjusting numbers to the closest ten. At the point when I took them again into the homeroom I conversed with the educator and clarified that the majority of them found the undertaking hard and proposed that we adjust the assignment by letting them utilize a number line to assist then with perceiving how to adjust the numbers to the closest ten. She concurred that I was correct and said that it was a smart thought for tomorrow’s numeracy exercise. By doing t his I gave useful recommendations to the educator and upheld arranged learning exercises.

Types Of Criminal Justice Systems Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Across the world there are many different types of criminal justice system to keep and maintain order and peace within their area of jurisdiction creating a social code of conduct, the law. The criminal justice system tries to deter individuals from disrupting this peace and order by pressuring them with the notion of punishment forcing the individual to abide to the law. These punishments differ from being a punitive one or a rehabilitative nature. By doing so the criminal justice has certain power to control society by means of policing. Policing plays an important role in the criminal justice system as it is the first step to criminal proceedings following investigation, judgment and finally punishment where applicable. The criminal justice system can be categorized in three main parts; policing where the investigation is held, the courts for judgement to take place and corrections where the type of punishment is looked over by the correctional authorities (Bernard, 2011). As mentioned before there are many different types of criminal justice system, the author of this literature will be comparing and contrasting the Japanese criminal justice system with the England and Waless system. England and Wales criminal justice follows an adversarial system where the magistrate or a jury hears two opposing views of a case. The defence and the prosecution parties can present their case as how they deem fit by calling and examining w itnesses as they like within certain restriction provided by the law (Chapman Niven, 2000). Unlike the England and Waless system the Japanese system follows a semi-inquisitorial scheme where a judge is present in the preparation of evidence with the police and has a say in the way different parties are to show their case in trial. The judge asks questions to the witnesses while the defendant and the prosecution parties can enquire additional questions only through the judge (Mortimer, 1994). Furthermore the Japanese system does not use the jury system as the England and Wales do. This system of the Japanese is called the Monopolization of Prosecution and gives exclusive power to public prosecutors only. Nevertheless there is an exception to the Monopolization of Prosecution and is practiced when a victim of crime believes that the public prosecutors are abusing of their exclusive power. He or she can apply to the court to order the case to be tried. If the order is well-founded then the court must order the case to be tried and a practicing lawyer is selected by the court to exercise the role of the public prosecutor, however if otherwise the order is dismissed (UNAFEI, 2010). A common characteristic in both the Japanese and the England and Wales system is the presumption of innocence until proven guilty and that the standard proof must be beyond the reasonable doubt. This presumption of innocence applies at every stage of the criminal procedure and in case of doubt the defendants view will always be favoured. (Chapman Niven, 2000; UNAFEI, 2010). Throughout all Japan there is one territorial jurisdiction; the same procedure is followed in all criminal cases under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) and the Rules of Criminal Procedure. The constitution protects most of the rights of the individual regarding court trial and criminal investigation under several articles. A few article are listed below Article 31: no person shall be deprived of life, o r liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law, Article 33: no person shall be arrested except upon warrant issued by a competent judicial officer, which specifies the offences with which the person is charged, unless he is arrested in the commission of the offences. Article 38: no person shall be compelled to testify against himself, and that a confession made under compulsion, torture, or threat, or after prolonged detention or confinement shall not be admitted in evidence. It further provides that no person shall be convicted or punished in cases where the only proof against him is his own confession. Article 40:any person, in case he is acquitted after he has been detained or confined, may sue the State for redress as provided by law. (UNAFEI, 2010, p. 20) Similarly with the England and Wales criminal system the individual has many different rights under the The Human Rights Act 1998. In the same way as Ar ticle 40 in the Japanese constitution the individual can sue the State to the European Court. A few articles from this Act is as follows Article 2 Right to life Article 3 Prohibition of torture Article 6 Right to a fair trial Article 7 No punishment without law this article states that no person can be punished for an action which did not constitute a criminal offence at the time it was committed. Article 18 Limitation on use of restrictions on rights this article ensures that the restrictions on rights in the convention are not used for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed. (Chapman Niven, 2000, p. 5-6) The Police In Japan a police Law was put into force in 1947, completely amended in 1954 in order to offer an efficient and effective police organization showing considerable respect to the principle of local autonomy. The police are trained in order to safe guard the national public in matters relating to serious natural catastrophe creating public disorder and matters relating to civil disturbances. The police in Japan are called Prefectural Police. For some reason or another, as according to the Cabinet Order, in Japan there can only be 278,300 prefectural police. It is estimated that in Japan 1st October 2003, the population was of 127,619,000 meaning that there is one police officer for every 460 persons in the country. The Police law stipulates the duties of the police as protection of life, person and property of individuals; prevention, suppression and detection of crime and apprehension of suspects; control of traffic; and other functions necessary to maintain public peace and order ( UNAFEI, 2010, p. 2). According to the police law crime detection is one of the main duties of the all the police officers including patrolmen in all police jurisdiction. (UNAFEI, 2010) In England and Wales the police have more or less the same role as the Prefectural Police. However for England and Wales, before the Police Act of 1964, the idea of the police was regarded as police force to enforce the law. Within time difficulties and concerns were experienced with the public and these experiences changed the mentality of a police force to police service. A difference from the Prefectural Police is that in England and Wales, the police have different number of forces. These forces have specific territorial powers such as the British Transport police, the Ministry of Defence Police and Royal Parks Police (Chapman Niven, 2000). In Japan there is only one force that controls different territories. The Courts In Japan there are five types of courts in Japan and are all integrated into a unitary national judicial system. These courts are; the Supreme Court, High Court, District Court, Family Court and Summary Court. The Summary Court; where all cases are heard by a single judge. This courts jurisdiction is very limited to small offences, offences not more than  ¥1,400,000 (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬12,496.65), punishable by a fine or a lighter punishment for example penal detention or a minor fine, and other minor criminal offences. A few examples of minor criminal offences include habitual gambling, embezzlement, petty theft and buying or accepting stolen property. The Summary may not give a prison sentence or a graver punishment however can impose imprisonment with labour not exceeding three years. When a case has an outcome of imprisonment of more than three years, the Summary Court can transfer it to the District Court. (UNAFEI, 2010) The Family Court; has jurisdic tion over family issues and juvenile delinquency involving persons under the age of 20. In addition this court hears adult criminal cases that involve offences harmful to juveniles. (UNAFEI, 2010) The District Court; hears all cases at the first glance except those set aside for the Summary court, Family Court and the High Court. Most of the time cases are tried by a single judge. Nevertheless if there is the possibility of sentencing a life imprisonment, imprisonment for more than one year or death, three judges hear the case. (UNAFEI, 2010) The High Court; has jurisdiction appeals from decisions made by the District Court, Family Court and the Summary court in criminal cases heard by three judges. The high court even hears cases involving insurrection where 5 judges handle the case. (UNAFEI, 2010) The Supreme Court; situated in Tokyo, is the highest court and consists of 15 Justices including the Chief Justice, nine of them qualified to be a Japanese legal practitioner an d five of those who has extensive knowledge of the law and is at least 40 years of age. This court exercises appellate jurisdiction. Articles 81 of the Constitution state that this court is the court of last resort and is to decide on the constitutionality of any law, regulation, order or official act. The Supreme Court implements this power by rendering case-specific conclusions not by declaring constitutionality in a general way. It generally hears appeals that were tried at a high court if and only if (1) a violation of the Constitution or an error in constitutional error, or (2) adjudication contrary to precedents of Supreme Court or High Courts (UNAFEI, 2010) In England and Wales the Courts there are five courts too, the lowest court is the Magistrates Courts where over 96% of criminal cases are dealt with this court. The Magistrates Court is tried by at least two lay magistrate but normally three magistrates hears the trial. A district judge can hear a case on his or her ow n. The magistrate court acts as the Summary Court, The Family Court and the District Court of Japan but can only impose a prison sentence of less than six months or 12months for consecutive sentences, nor can exceed a fine of  £5000 (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬5,926.98). (Chapman Niven, 2000) Three other courts which are under the Supreme Court are the Court of Appeal, the High Court and the Crown Court. The Crown court hears trials of indictable offences and appeals from the court of Magistrates. Appeals from cases originating in the magistrates courts on points of law and proceedings are heard at the High Court. Appeals arising from the Crown court and the High Courts are heard at the Court of Appeal where the final Appeal is heard at the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of Lords of Appeal chosen amongst the judges of the Court of Appeal. The High court in Japan is equivalent to the Supreme Courts in England and Wales whereas the House of Lords is similar t o the Supreme Court of Japan. (UNAFEI, 2010; Chapman Niven, 2000) Corrections After a verdict is given and the individual is found guilty, apart from imprisonment there are many other sanctions that both the Japanese and the England and Waless system. Both countries have Probation Officers, Halfway Houses, Parole, Fines and Suspended sentences. The Japanese constitution puts a good effort in Probation and Parole where the offender is put within society supervised. Many citizens volunteer as an assistant probationer or parole. Furthermore in Japan Juveniles are given more attention in order for them to rehabilitate; Living Guidance, Academic Education, Physical and Health Education is provided. The prisons in Japan never suffered overcrowding as the rehabilitation of the offender was more important than retaliation. In England and Wales, effort is put more in community sentences, resulting in less concentration with probation and parole. Community service, Combination, curfew and drug treatment and testing orders are all an option. Community service is whe n a prisoner does unpaid work for the community with a minimum if 40hours and a maximum of 240hours in twelve months. The Combination order works hand in hand with a probationer where community service is given with the other rules of the probationer. Curfew order controls the persons liberty of a person to leave an address at certain hours. These different option were put into force as a solution to overcrowding in the prison system where again the mentality has changed throughout the years. A difference in sentencing between the Japanese and Englands system is the capital punishment. In England and Wales the capital punishment for murder was abolished in 1965. However it was kept but unused for crimes such as treason and other offences. In September 1998 capital punishment was completely abolished under the Crime and Disorder Act. In Japan the capital punishment is still practiced for homicide and treason. However the homicide must include aggravating factors and/or multiple mu rders. Conclusion Even though the English system has been practised before the Japanese system, there is not much of a distinction between the two as one would perceive it to be due to cultural difference. Most of the rights of the individual are protected in both countries; however power is not always exclusive within public prosecutors. So much so, even though power is mainly in the hands of the Japanese public prosecutors, the citizen still has right to go against such mentioned power.

Essay about Khorassan Silver Inlaid Bronze Jug Made in...

In the East Iranian World apiece titled Bronze ewer inlaid with silver (Inv. No. LNS 118M), also called Khorassan Silver Inlaid Bronze Jug, was made in March – April 1205. The ewer is about 9 ¼ in. (23.1cm.) high. The ewer has a pattern of raised bands on it cylinder shaped body on top of its round base with grooves in it. It has a flat cylinder neck that is connected to a plain band at the very top. It has a simple loop handle that starts at the top of the ewer to the middle. Like the title says the ewer is bronze inlaid with silver. Areas of the ewer are slightly corroded with green. On the bands on the ewer is engraved the signs of the zodiac. It has a curved band of naskh below and a band of kufic above, the shoulder of the ewer is a on†¦show more content†¦, wal-kirama , wal-sala , ma wal-d , aim wal-daw[la] , al-kamila , wal-saa , da wal-m , wal-shukr which means; With good fortune, blessing, ......, generosity, well-being, perpetuity, glory, compelte wealth, happiness and gratitude. The naskh below that reads al-izz wal-i, qbal wal-da , wala wa , l-qanaa wa , l-riyada wal-saa,dawal-sala , ma wal-daw[la] , wal-shafaa wal-r[aha] which means; Glory, prosperity, wealth, contentment, self-denial, happiness, well-being, turn of fortune, intercession and ease (Christies, 1-2). They believed the ewer was probably made for a local governor or Amir, because, together with the customary good wishes to the Amir, a titles interruption denotes that the owner, al-Jayshi ibn Muhammad, was favored and trusted by kings and sultans. First looking at the ewer you can see the ewer is very old, whereas most of the bronze has turned a greenish color. Looking at the ewer you get drawn into all the writing and the pictures of the zodiac signs that surround it. The ewer looks more like a symbolization of something, like it has some type of meaning to it. As I look at the zodiac signs surrounding the ewer a viewer wonders what are they suppose to mean. I know zo diac has do the heavens, sun, and the moon. So I figured it have to be a gift to wish good luck or good wishes. The viewpoint of the ewer in the museum is a good viewpoint; you can see the front, side and top. You cannot see the back, but

The Ethics Of Abortion And Abortion - 1124 Words

The Ethics of Abortion Abortion, which according to the Merriam Webster dictionary (n.d.) refers to any action that is taken to prematurely end the life of a growing fetus in its mother’s womb before it is born, is a very controversial topic in our society today. Every day, several women die as a result of lack of access to proper abortion facilities (Kaczor, 2013). It has been estimated that 2% of women within childbearing age i.e. ages 15 to 44 will have an abortion (Medoff, 2013) and the yearly number of abortions worldwide is estimated to be around 46 million ( Kaczor,2015). This statistic is further increased due to the society’s perception of the morality and ethicality of abortion. Pro-life supporters argue that life begins at†¦show more content†¦Despite this law, the regulation of abortion is still left to provincial government and this has led to various interpretations of R v Morgentaler (Johnstone Macfarlane, 2015). These various provincial regulations have contributed t o the inaccessibility of abortion to several women across the country (Sethna, 2012; Vogel, 2015). Arguments from both sides Pro-life The pro-life movement believes in the sanctity of human life which they say begins right from the conception of the child (Zuradzki, 2014; Seipel 2014). According to Pro-life supporters, an embryo has the right to a full moral status and right to life as any other human being (Zuradzki, 2014; Seipel 2014). Religion plays a big role in emphasizing and propagating the anti-abortion movement and also influences the views of several Canadians on abortion (Saurette Gordon, 2013). Religious views, especially those taken from the Christian perspective, believes in the sanctity of life and views abortion as murder which is a sin (Zuradzki, 2014). Pro-choice Supporters of abortion rights argue that a woman’s decision to abort a fetus is in alignment with the right to freedom and choice (Seipel, 2014). 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Saint Francis Of Assissi Essay Example For Students

Saint Francis Of Assissi Essay Saint Francis of AssissiSaint Francis of Assissi1.Birth Saint Francis was born Giovanni Bernadone in either 1181 or 1182 in theItalian hill town of Assisi. His parents, Pietro and Pica, were members of therather well-to-do merchant class of the town.Pioetro Bernadone was away inFrance when his son was born.On his return, he had the boys name changed fromGiovanni to Franceso (The Little Frenchman-perhaps a tribute to France, acountry he loved and from which his wifes family came). Saint Francis of Assisi,was born in 1182, more probably in the latter year.His mothers family, whichwas not without distinction, may originally have hailed from Provence.Hisfather, Pietro di Bernardone, was a prosperous cloth merchant and one of theinfluential business men of Assisi.A merchant in those days was a fardifferent individual from the modern shop keeper; forced by circumstances to beboth daring and prudent, he constantly embarked upon the most hazardousundertakings and his career was likely to be a succession of ups and downs. Moreover, business activities, which today tend more and more to assert theirindependence of any ethical code, were then strictly subordinated to acceptedmoral standards, as is clearly shown in the writings of Leo Battista Alberti, acentury and a halflater, or in the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. Bernardone was not in Assisi when his son was born.At first the child wascalled John but upon his fathers return he was christened Francis, in memory ofFrance, whence Pietro di Bernardone had just returned.More than any othercharacter in history, St. Francis in after life retained the qualities mostcharacteristic of childhood, so that it is not difficult to imagine him as hemust have appeared during his early years, with his combination of vivacity,petulance and charm. Childhood At the proper time young Francesco Benardone was sent to clergy of SanGiorgio, his parish church, to learn his letters and the ciphering necessary fora merchant.He sat on a bench with the better-class boys, chorusing sacredLatin.He was nota brilliant student.The three extant scraps of his writingbetray a clumsy fist and abound in sad solecisms.In later years he avoidedholding a pen;hepreferred to dictate, and to sign his pronouncements with across or tau, a semisacred symbol.However, he learned enough Latin for hispurposes, for school routine and for the comprehension of the ritual.Francescoalso had the education of the home and shop.He could admire his father, honestand worthy, but an austere man, taking up where he laid not down, reaping wherehe had not shown.Drama also rendered his secret dream, the realization of thechivalrous life.The exploits of Charlemagnes paladins and the Knights of theRound Table were already familiar throughout Italy, and code of knightlybehavior was known and honored, if little practiced.Franciss imaginationdisported itself in the enchanted world of knighthood;and all his life he usedthe language of chivalry and appealed to its ideals. After Francis had attained manhood and developed his native discernment, hedevoted himself to the profession of his father, who was a merchant.Yet thishe did in his own way.Merry and generous by nature, ever ready for jest andsong, he roamed the town of Assisi day and night with his comrades and was mostprodigal in his spending-to such and extent that he used all the money allowedhim and all his earnings for banquets and festivities.For this reason hisparents frequently remonstrated with him, pointing out that he was living insuch style with his friends that he no longer seemed to be their son, but theson a great prince.Yet as his parents were wealthy and loved their sontenderly, they allowed him to have his own way rather that disturb him. Educational Backround The official Life of Saint Francis, written by Saint Bonaventure, theMinister General of the Franciscan Order, after the chapter of 1266 at which itwas decided that such a life was needed, because of the proliferation ofapochryphal and spurious lives, records that Francis was sent to school to thepriests of Saint Georges, also in Assisi.But he seems to have learned littlefrom them except enough Latin to read with difficulty and write great labour. In later life, the clerky Brother Leo usually acted as his secretary;althoughan example of his signature survives, he preferred to make his mark with a Greekcross, the letter tau, the cross used by the crusaders.However, somewhere probably in the first instance from his father and his fathers businessacquaintances he learned enough French to be able to converse in that language,and earn himself the nickname il Francesco, the Frenchman, although whether itwas given to him by his father, as pious legend has always maint ained, or by thewits of Assisi, is uncertain.Whoever gave it to him, it was the obvious namefor a boy wearing French cloth, talking with French visitors, andsingingFrench tunes, the songs of troubadours and jongleurs.John Bernardone became Francis early in life, and has remained Francis throughout the years since. Which dialect of French he spoke is unknown.Because he was called theFrenchman and called his language French, it is usually assumed that hisdialect was that of the north and the Ile de France, not the langue doc ofcounty of Toulouse, which further west towards Navarre shaded into early Spanish.But although he once himself proposed to go to Paris, most of thetraces of French influence in his life seem to relate to southern France, andthere are no proofs that Pietro Bernardones travels in search of business tookhim further north than the great fairs at Toulouse, Lyons, and Montpellier.TheQuestion remains open.Franciss everyday language must have been the currentUmbrain dialect:not yet Italian, but a mingling of late Latin and dialectwords from which Italian was rapidly emerging.He died just thirty-nine yearsbefore the birth of Dante, the first and greatest of the Italian vernacularpoets. Religious Affliation and Experiences In the chapel of Our Lady of the Angels, Francis was kneeling at the footof the crucifix, he was completely drawn out of himself and lost allconsciousness except of God.From the cross Christ spoke to him.Francis,the Voice came, do you not see that My house is being destroyed?Go thereforeand repair it.He took Christs words in the most literal sense.He could seethat the neglected chapel was badly in need of restoration, so he accepted thetask laid upon him as being simply that of bringing stones and mortar andsetting to work.Not for an instant did he imagine that the commision could bewider than that.Indeed, though the field of his labor was soon to widen toenclose the last limits of the earth, he never ceased to believe, as in the caseof the lepers, that the local obligation was also his.He never ceased to begreatly concerned about the rebuilding and care of dilapidated churches. Professional life There is no doubt that Francis and his brothers did preach peace in Assisiin autumn, but whether in fact he played the leading role ascribed to himreconciling the factions is undemonstrable.If the claim also sometimes made istrue, that it was from this time that he penitents of Assisi began to callthemselves the frates minores, it is unlikely that Francis arbitratedeffectually in the quarrel.At Assisi in 1202, frates minores would not havebeen taken to mean the lesser, that is, more humble, brothers, but brothersof the minores;it would have bben a political label, as suggestive ofcommitment as the Workers party of the workers brotherhood might be today. Mechanomyography EssayHow did he/she affect the world around them? All of the places that Francis visited, for example, Italy, according tothe historical records, were many;and as these appear in casual references,they can be only a part of the total.If we were to include the popular legends,the number would be infinite.Terni, Perugia, ubbio, Citta` di Castello,Cortona, Arezzo, Siena, Florence, Bologna, Ancona, Osimo, Ascoli:these are toosome of the places that Saint Francis visited.It is at once observable thatthey are all in a definite and rather circumscribed district.The Saintsappearances in the more remote and diverse parts of the country, such as Rome,Florence, Bologna, and Alexandria, were, in proportion, few and far between; and one gets the impression ( borne out by the definite or circumstantialevidence of the records )that these were but occasional visits.The otherplaces, on the contrary, appear to represent his usual andappointed circuit. If you take a map of Italy and draw a circle with Assisi as its center, with adiameter of a little less than two hundred kilometers, you will include them all,from Borgo San Sepolcro to Ascoli Piceno, Rieti, and Toscanella, the extremistpoints being roughly equidistant from Assisi. Find a quote made by the person that most identifies the individual and his/herwork.Why did you choose this quote? Saint Francis took a child that had just been born and said, There havebeen born today in this street two children, one of whom will be one of the bestmen in the world.The other will be the worst.That worst has been taken toapply to the man who succeeded Francis as the ruler of the Franciscan Order,Brother Elias.Yet, apart from the question as to whether Elias was as bad asall that, there is a reason to believe that he was not born in Assisi at all,but nearby;and nobody knows the exact date of his birth.I chose thisparticular quote because it talks about the everyday occurrence of childrenbeing born each and every day.Some of those children are among those best menor women in the world and some are unfortunate to have the opportunity to evenbe born.Those children who are born with a disorder, from their mothers wrongdoing while carrying her child. Your reflection should include:How did he/she express genuine love and concern for people in the climate oftheir world? Francis was one that should have been included among the Fathers, for heputs then into shame.He came at the end of the long process of discovery. With him, the wheel has turned full circle:we are back again in the gold-illuminated days of the apostles and of the early catacombs, the days when to bea Christian was to be carefree, before the heretics and arisen and thedisputatious theologians has assumed the role of lawgivers.Francis threwlearning away and the world sighed with relief, for learning was alreadyweighing heavily in the cloisters, and the librarians, as usual, were wonderingwhether they would be able to keep count of the books.What have I to do withbooks?Francis said.O my brethren, all we need to do is pray.As all ofthe people of the Church read of the Church Fathers, we are all made aware ofimmense strains, heroic efforts, terrible responsibilities.The F athers of thefourth and fifth centuries were shoring up the ruins of Rome with their nakedshoulders.They fought prodigiously, with superlative cunning, against thebarbarians and the Emperors and all the tribes of wanton and evil people in theworld. How did he/she bring to real life what is right, and what is good? Saint Francis, the true disciple of Christ, while he was living in thismiserable life, tried to follow in the path of Christ with all his strength, forChrist was the perfect master.So it often happened that as he healed a body,God also healed the soul, for the same thing often happened to Christ.SoFrancis did not only serve the lepers willingly, but also ordered his brethrenas they went about the world to serve the needs of lepers for the love of Christ,who reputed a poor leper himself.Saint Francis was staying in a place near towhere some of the brothers of the order were serving a leper hospital.One ofthe lepers was testy, unruly, and also so obstinate that everyone believed. This leper had abused and cursed whoever waited on him and, what was worse, hebitterly blasphemed and cursed Christ and his Holy Mother.No one wanted totake care, or even be near him.Although the brothers were willing to put upwith the lepers m any abuses in order to grow in the virtue of patience, buttheir consciences would not ever tolerate his blasphemies about Christ and hisMother.So the brothers were quite prepared to abandon him, but they thoughtthat before doing this they should consult Saint Francis, who at the time wasstaying nearby. When the brothers told Francis about this perverse leper, Francis went tosee him.Finding the leper, Francis greeted him warmly:God grant you peace,my dearest brother.The leper then replied with a grumble, What peace can Ifind from God, who has taken away my peace and every worldly good and left mecancerous and stinking?Saint Francis then answered him, My son, be patient! God often inflicts us with a weakness of the body for the good of our souls. There is a great merit in bearing illness with patience.The sick man retorted,How can I endure the continual pain both day and night with any sense of peace?Not only am I sick, but the brothers who were sent to help me will not do it, asthe ought.Saint Francis, divinely inspired to understand that this leper waspossessed by an evil spirit, prayed most devoutly for this man before God. After he had prayed, he returned again to speak to the leper:My son, I willtake care of you, since the others do not want to.Ill willingly have you. What can you do though that the others have not done?What do you want me todo?I want you to wash me, for I stink so bad that I cannot stand myself. Saint Francis immediately went and heated water, which he scented withherbs.Then he undressed the man and washed him with his own hands, whileanother brother poured the water.Through divine power, wherever Saint Francistouched him with his hands, the leprosy disappeared and the fleshgrewimmediately healthy.And as his body healed, his soul also healed along withhis body.When the leper saw his body heal, he began to weep bitterly becauseof his sorrow for his sins and great compunction that he felt.As his body wascleansed from the leprosy by the bathing, so his soul was cleansing power of histears and his sorrow.

Millers Crossing Essays - Marian Devotions, Christian Prayer, Rosary

Miller's Crossing This Is Your Brain on Crime The movie Millers Crossing and the novel Legs by William Kennedy have two characters that have a special quality, which adds dramatically to their characterization. The main character of Millers Crossing, Tom Reagan, and the main character from Legs; Jack Diamond shares many similar traits and symbolic equivalence. In particular they had an item that they wore or carried, and this item had the ability to show what is going on inside the characters mind. Not only did the items have the ability to tell what was on their mind; it also has the ability to foreshadow. At times in the novel where their mind/conscience was tested, the use of their items determined the outcome. The body can not live without the mind, so it is important for the characters to remain close to these items that symbolize their mind or they will surly die. Tom Reagan had a dream in which his hat fell off his head and the wind blew it away. He did not run after the hat in the dream. However in reality he kept the hat close to him at all costs. The dream is the opening to the movie and is explained during a conversation with Verna. During the movie he is seen with the hat and without. The trend his hat wearing follows with when engaging in sex it is off, and actually gets its own scene of being thrown on to a chair or something of that nature. For the most part, it is also seen without his hat when something bad is happening to him. According to Cirlot, The hat, since it covers the head, generally takes on the significance of what goes on inside of it (Cirlot 140). When the hat is off, he becomes mindless and driven by evil. From this the viewer can derive that Tom Reagan has a moral conscience which it brought out by the hat, but besides that he has no heart. To change ones hat is equivalent to changing ones mind. At the climatic point of the movie where Bernie begs for his life and asks Tom Reagan to have a heart, he retorts by saying, what heart and put a bullet in his head. The hat is missing from this scene, and is crucial to foreshadowing the events to come. Before at Millers Crossing when he had his hat on, he spared Bernies life, but with the change of the hat, he has transformed into the immoral Tom Reagan and shot Bernie with ease. At the end of the movie he is seen putting his hat back on. This is foreshadowing his return to wholeness, and it is further proven with his denying working with Leo again in business. Jack Diamond is the Gatsby of the gangster era. For the most part the reader sees Diamond as the man who has it all. However there is a mysterious quirk about this man of killing, stealing, and adultery. He carries a Rosary. Jack Diamond has been shot at and engaged in knife fights plenty of times in his life, however he always came out alive. It can be speculated that he carried this Rosary through all of these ordeals. Marcus, the narrator stated, I saw Jack on deck alone after that, with a rosary, the first time I knew he carried one. He was not praying- only staring at it, strung like webbing through his fingers, as if it were a strange, incomprehensible object (Kennedy 91). This Rosary is the source of his thinking, and without it he is lost. Not only is it the source of thinking it also serves as his judgement standard. Jack Diamond was a man that had plenty reason to question his actions and the Rosary was a way to find truth when he wanted to find it. The pervious quote came immediately after Jack Diamond dumped the hot jewels into the ocean. However, the general trend with Jack Diamond was that he is an immoral man. Lack of resorting to the Rosary reflected lack of thinking, which is sure to lead to complicated matters. When Jack's lucky blue suit came back from the hotel cleaners,

Definition and Examples of Paralinguistics

Definition and Examples of Paralinguistics Up to 90 percent of communication is nonverbal. Getting ones message across is made easier through voice inflection, facial expression and body gestures. Paralinguistics is the study of these vocal (and sometimes non-vocal) signals beyond the basic verbal message or speech, also known as vocalics. Paralinguistics, Shirley Weitz explains sets great store on how something is said, not on what is said. What It Is Paralanguage  includes accent, pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation,  and fluency. Some researchers also include  certain non-vocal  phenomena  under the heading of paralanguage:  facial expressions, eye movements,  hand gestures, and the like. The boundaries of paralanguage, says Peter Matthews, are (unavoidably) imprecise. Although paralinguistics was once described as the neglected stepchild in language studies, linguists  and other researchers  have recently demonstrated greater interest in the field.  Ã‚   The rise in recent decades of non-face-to-face communication through email, text messaging, and social media led to the use of emoticons as a substitute for paralanguage. Etymology From Greek and Latin, beside language Cultural Differences Not all cultures interpret these nonverbal cues the same way, which can cause confusion when people of different backgrounds are trying to communicate. In Saudi Arabia, speaking loudly conveys authority and speaking softly conveys submission. Americans, on the other hand, are often perceived as brash for their loudness by Europeans. The Finnish language is spoken more slowly than other European languages, leading to a perception that the Finnish people themselves are slow. Some people have a similar perception of the Southern drawl accent in the United States. Examples and Observations We speak with our vocal organs, but we converse with our entire bodies. ... Paralinguistic phenomena occur alongside spoken language, interact with it, and produce together with it a total system of communication. . . . The study of paralinguistic behavior is part of the study of conversation: the conversational use of spoken language cannot be properly understood unless paralinguistic elements are taken into account.- David Abercrombie Paralinguistics is commonly referred to as that which is left after subtracting the verbal content from speech. The simple cliche, language is what is said, paralanguage is how it is said, can be misleading because frequently how something is said determines the precise meaning of what is said.- Owen Hargie, Christine Saunders, and David Dickson Loudness in Different CulturesA simple example of the adverse effects of paralinguistics is quoted in [Edward T.] Hall concerning the loudness with which one speaks (1976b). In Saudi Arabian cultures, in discussions among equals, the men attain a decibel level that would be considered aggressive, objectionable and obnoxious in the United States. Loudness connotes strength and sincerity among Arabs; a soft tone implies weakness and deviousness. Personal status also modulates voice tone. Lower classes lower their voices. Thus, if a Saudi Arab shows respect to an American he lowers his voice. Americans ask people to talk more loudly by raising their own voices. The Arab then has his status confirmed and thus talks even more quietly. Both are misreading the cues!- Colin Lago Vocal and Nonvocal PhenomenaThe more technical discussion of what is loosely described as tone of voice involves the recognition of a whole set of variations in the features of voice dynamics: loudness, tempo, pitch fluctuation, continuity, etc. . ... It is a matter of everyday observation that a speaker will tend to speak more loudly and at an unusually high pitch when he is excited or angry (or, in certain situations, when he is merely simulating anger and thus, for whatever purpose, deliberately communicating false information). ... Among the most obvious non-vocal phenomena classifiable as paralinguistic, and having a modulating, as well as punctuating, function is the nodding of the head (in certain cultures) with or without an accompanying utterance indicative of assent or agreement. ... One general point that has been continually stressed in the literature is that both the vocal and non-vocal phenomena are to a considerable extent learned rather than instinctive and differ fro m language to language (or, perhaps one should say, from culture to culture).- John Lyons Detecting Sarcasm Based on Paralinguistic CuesThere was nothing very interesting in Katherine Rankins study of sarcasm- at least, nothing worth your important time. All she did was use an M.R.I. to find the place in the brain where the ability to detect sarcasm resides. But then, you probably already knew it was in the right  parahippocampal gyrus. ...Dr. Rankin, a neuropsychologist and assistant professor in the Memory and Aging Center at the University of California, San Francisco, used an innovative test developed in 2002, the Awareness of Social Inference Test, or Tasit. It incorporates videotaped examples of exchanges in which a person’s words seem straightforward enough on paper, but are delivered in a sarcastic style so ridiculously obvious to the able-brained that they seem lifted from a sitcom.I was testing people’s ability to detect sarcasm based entirely on paralinguistic cues, the manner of expression, Dr. Rankin said. ...To her surprise, ...  the magnet ic resonance scans revealed that the part of the brain lost among those who failed to perceive sarcasm was not in the left hemisphere of the brain, which specializes in language and social interactions, but in a part of the right hemisphere previously identified as important only to detecting contextual background changes in visual tests.The right parahippocampal gyrus must be involved in detecting more than just  visual context- it perceives social context as well, Dr. Rankin said.- Dan Hurley Sources Khalifa, Elsadig Mohamed, and Faddal, Habib. Impacts of Using Paralanguage on Teaching and Learning English Language to Convey Effective Meaning. Studies in English Language Teaching, 2017. file:///Users/owner/Downloads/934-2124-1-SM.pdfIntra-personal Communication http://faculty.seattlecentral.edu/baron/Spring_courses/ITP165_files/paralinguistics.htmEmoticons and Symbols Arent Ruining Language – Theyre Revolutionizing It, Lauren Collister - https://theconversation.com/emoticons-and-symbols-arent-ruining-language-theyre-revolutionizing-it-38408Weitz, Shirley. Nonverbal Communication. Oxford University Press, 1974, Oxford.  Matthews, Peter. Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2007, Oxford.Abercrombie, David. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh University Press,1968, Edinburgh.Hargie, Owen; Saunders, Christine and Dickson, David.  Social Skills in Interpersonal Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge, 1994, London.Lago, Colin.  Race, Culture an d Counselling 2nd ed. Open University Press, 2006, Berkshire, England. Lyons, John. Semantics, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 1977, Cambridge.Hurley, Dan. The Science of Sarcasm (Not That You Care). The New York Times, June 3, 2008.

Personnel Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personnel Management - Assignment Example Personnel management requires a sound management since we need to evaluate the status of the personnel activities. This is because there are a number of functions carried out in the personnel department that include: recruitment, training, rewarding, appraising, dismissing etc. To run the personnel department, the concerned individuals need to know the entire organisation and all the employees qualifications needed for various positions. Hence, understanding of personnel management models and theories is very essential. Models and theories of personnel management assist our understanding of the role of personnel management in an organisation. Legge (1978) characterises four models of personnel management. The four models of personnel management includes: Normative, Descriptive-functional, Critical-evaluative and Descriptive-behavioural. In normative framework, the personnel manager speaks about employees in the context of teams, quality, empowerment and creativity. The underpinning of the manager's opinion, norms and values about the people who work for them are reflected in McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. (Storey, 1995) In a cold or harsh organisation, the firm's manager may be distant, erratic, and negative or cod. Their value may be coercive or exploitive as far as their behaviours are concerned. In such circumstances the personnel department: Keep salaries, wages and terms and conditions of employment very low They hire casual labourers only They behave with insensitivity towards employees The employees are supervised thoroughly as they work The employees do not develop deep seated trust in management because of the management behaviours. These norms and behaviours fall outside the welfare, participation and empowerment norms of the neo-human relations school which include: the welfare, participation and empowerment norms of the neo-human relations school which might include the following: Encouraging people to be part of a team Responding to the aspirations of individual members of the organisation Having employment policies that reflect broad societal needs for fairness and equity By seeking secure optimum utilisation of the human resources of the organisation by fitting the right people into the right jobs with the right rewards Putting emphasise on getting results through people by securing their commitment not by coercive or demanding means. The mangers behaving consistently and with sensitivity to the needs of others by applying sound planning, organisation, communication, motivation and controlling activities to acquire, develop, maintain and use the workforce effectively and economically. Normative emphasis may be pluralistic rather than unitary. Management's role and functional human resource management policies are emphasised even more where are different vested interests and a potential for conflict between groups whose objectives are different. Managers must manage conflict in professional ways being primarily responsible for taking the initiative, developing institutional relationships and mechanisms to anticipate problems and minimise the potential for damaging conflicts of right and interest, consulting and negotiating,

Principles and Practices of Effective Leadership - Mod 2 Essay

Principles and Practices of Effective Leadership - Mod 2 - Essay Example To this end, the article recognizes the central role that will be played by emotional and cultural intelligence in developing such leaders (Hanna, 2012). There are also additional characteristics that are required for developing successful global leaders. To this end, intellectual understanding that is reflective of the global business context is one key characteristic. It refers to the ability to understand the complexities involved while conducting business globally (Hanna, 2012). The skill to overcome dominant thinking entails the capacity to appreciate the intercultural empathy and have a desire to learn about other cultures. A global leader should also have the desire for cross border partnering with teams in other countries. This skill demonstrates executive maturity in appreciating the value from other foreign and like minded corporations (Hanna, 2012). The author also states that the ability to develop and nurture local and global perspectives is a pertinent skill acquired through living and experiencing different parts of the world. The global leader also needs to have a sense of self assurance and self awareness in relation to their sense of purpose and values. Finally, the author asserts the important skill of developing internal and external networks. This aids in shifting management from a vertical perspective to horizontal collaboration. The article proposes that the global leadership qualities are developed through living in a culturally and linguistically different country. The article by Myron Curry delves into the factors that make a good leader and how an individual can develop into a good leader. To this end, the author states communication as one of the factors that establish a good leadership. The art of effective communication enables a leader to accurately articulate thoughts and ideas to employees (Curry). Evidently, the

Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita Essay Willy Russel’s 1985 play Educating Rita is a story of a women’s struggle escape her repetitive boring working class life and move into a wider, educated world. Russel uses characters, settings and many techniques to effectively explore this potentially difficult topic in an interesting and entertaining way. ‘Into the world’ is a potentially difficult topic in that it involves person, life-changing events that may become hard for the audience to relate to or understand. Russel avoids these problems by challenging stereotypes and melodrama by using characters in an interesting way. The play is a two-hander which means that only two characters are speaking in the play. By having only these two characters, it keeps the audience engaged and they become more familiar with the characters and can relate to them easier, engaging the audience. Other characters are mentioned, but are never seen in the actual play. The outside world is only seen through Franks and Rita’s eyes, which interests the audience into learning the characters struggles and experiences. Russel uses very good stage settings to make the play more interesting. The whole play being set in one room, Frank’s office, is not very common in theatres or plays. Having this shocks the audience and instantly becomes more interesting because of its difference. On a symbolic level, the furniture is very interesting. The squeaky door represents a Frank’s barrier, and isolation from the outside world. The window, although transparent, represents a weaker barrier he has with his students. However, Rita finds her way in; showing her determination from Frank’s lost spirit. This struggle of becoming a more educated person becomes interesting for the audience as they can compare it their own struggles Since the play has only two characters involved, the audience becomes very close to these characters, which makes it more interesting and entertaining. Rita is a working class person who has a strong desire to learn â€Å"everything†. Her character is very entertaining because of how real and believable her character is. Her passion and very ‘out there’ personality drives her into pushing frank to teach her. This is seen when she oils the door, making it easier for her to enter into Franks office, or in a symbolic sense, remove and barriers. Humour is seen very much throughout the play. Rita, being very outspoken, says what is on her mind and speaks the truth about what she thinks. Coming from a lower class then Frank, her understanding of certain things adds humour to the play, making it entertaining for the audience. This type of humour is displayed in the opening scene â€Å"Is it supposed to be erotic This was the pornography of its day, wasn’t it? when Rita is referring to a religious nude painting. Although being very outspoken, Frank realises her truthfulness and laughs. It is entertaining for the audience for someone from the working class to say their opinions on a religious artwork without taking into any consideration of what it might represent or what value it might be worth. Humour is also seen through Frank to make this play more entertaining. Frank, being a grumpy old teacher, is sick of his boring life. He constantly hides his whisky behind books , â€Å"Dickens† which can symbolise his shame. Frank uses a lot of sarcasm which makes this play more entertaining for the audience: â€Å"Yes, that’s it, just pop off and put your head in the oven†. Another aspect of this play which makes it interesting is that fact that the characters challenge stereotypes. Russel has portrayed Frank as a smart, sophisticated teacher who would not do much wrong. However, he hides alcohol behind high-level education books. By challenging a stereotype like this, it keeps the audience on their toes in wondering what he will do next. Characters of his knowledge are stereotypically portrayed as happily married, however he is not. This is seen by him constantly going to the pub and drinking throughout the play. The plot of Educating Rita is a potentially difficult topic to make interesting and entertaining to the reader. The overall plot is Rita learning as much as she can from a grumpy old teacher who isn’t happy with his life, but thinks that Rita is a fresh breath into his office. This story is very interesting because it makes a potentially difficult topic into a comedy, which makes it entertaining. Rita’s accent fits very well with the plot of a lower class person trying to achieve a better education, but is very unusual to see in a theatre play. However, because of the accent, the audience becomes interested in the difference. Another aspect that Russel focuses on is avoiding melodrama. In many plays and shows seen today, the drama in the story is blown up and over exaggerated. However, in educating Rita it is completely opposite. This is seen when Rita and Denny fight. Frank says â€Å"Let’s leave it for tonight. Let’s go to the pub and drink pots of Guinness and talk. † Rita then replies with â€Å"I’ve got to do this Frank. I’ve got to. †Her strong passion motivates and interests the audience because they may have faced similar struggles. Although Into the World is a very difficult topic to achieve, Russel has managed to make it both interesting and entertaining. Two-hander plays are difficult to capture personal changes however through plot, characters, symbolism and the idea of challenging stereotypes, Russel is able to turn it into an engaging story.

The Stock Market Essay examples -- Economy, Malaysia, Capital Market

The economic conditions were not that favourable during the financial crisis in 1997. Instability in the international financial markets in turn spilled over into the domestic financial markets. Continued waves of adjustment in both the currency and stock markets, coupled with the decline in domestic and export demand subsequently prompted a shift to more growth promoting policies. One of the institutions that affected was Malaysian stock market. In general, Malaysia stock market contributes to the best allocation of capital resources among numerous users. The roles of the stock market are mainly to facilitate and encourage the mobilization of funds, direct them towards efficient economic activities, provide adequate liquidity for investors and encourage the creation of large-scale enterprises, The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Index (CI) is the most popular indicator of the Kuala Lumpur stock market performance. The CI represents share prices of 100 Corporations. These companies are chosen because their operations cover a broad spectrum of economic performance in Malaysia and more significantly reflect stock market activities with fair accuracy, Stock prices depend on the supply and demand for the stock, it causes by the factors that stock prices to be more volatile is limited supply of new issues despite of strong demand for the stocks. This restriction of supply leads to more price fluctuations, which are common to all stock markets. However, two things prevent an infinite price increase in the stock market. Firs tly, the amount of money available in any country is finite. As the bull market proceeds, more and more of the country’s savings are invested in the stock market and eventually the people involved might face liquidity... ...economic variables for emerging economies. At all, the studies have shown the existence of a weak form of market efficiency among the EMFs for respective periods of study and countries. Recently the studies done examine the cointegration between macroeconomic variables and stock prices in order to test for the informational efficient market hypothesis. All the studies are covering on the period before the financial crises in July 1997. However, there is no attempt to study the cointegration between the variables and the stock market after the financial crisis. Hence, this study investigate the relationship between stock market returns and underlying macroeconomic variables, for the Malaysia as country known as a member of ASEAN for the period after the Asian financial crises, to determine whether or not the weak form of market efficiency to exist in Malaysia.

American Right

The movement of the American people that effected change during the American civil rights years is the African American civil rights movement of 1955 to 1968. This normally refers to reform movement in United States that had the aim of abolishing the ongoing racial discrimination of the African Americans. This is the period particularly in between 1954-1968 that covers the phases of movements in the south.By the year 1966 the black power movement had emerged that lasted approximately in between 1966 to 1975, this movements had grown in large sizes and had realized the need for civil right movement to include political and economic self sufficiency, racial dignity and freedom from the on going white authority. There are many scholars who term the movements as the second reconstruction, meaning that the period of reconstruction after civil war. In 19th century, the democratically controlled states that were mainly located at the south passed laws that were racially discriminating.It wa s not particularly I the south, but also in other regions of the United States, the racial discrimination and violence that aimed at the African Americans. The period is also called the nadir of American race relations sometimes; this is because the hired, appointed and the elected government officials began to permit or allow discrimination the united states of Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, florid, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama, Tennessee, Kansas and Oklahoma. The permitted or required acts and levels of discriminations against the African Americans mostly fell in the following four categories:1. Racial segregation that was upheld by United States supreme courts decisions in Plessey versus Fergusson in the year 1896. That was legally allowed by the southern states and many other local governments that were outside the south. 2. Voter suppression in most of the southern states. 3. Discrimination against the economic and social opportunities or the resou rces in the whole of the United States. 4. Mass racial acts of violence and private work of violence that was aimed to the African Americans, all these acts were seldom hindered and often encouraged the government official of the United States.Jim Crow was the name given to the combination of the southern states that were actively committed to the racial discrimination. The regime of Jim Crow in the southern states remained nearly intact up to the near the beginning of 1950s and greatly contributed to the great migration. The great migration was a solid northward flow of the African Americans forwards. The situation, in terms of racial discrimination, for the African Americans was some how better for those who did not live in the south. The civil rights movements that came before 1955 normally confronted African Americans discrimination using various strategies.Some of the strategies were lobbying and litigation efforts by organization that were traditional such as the National Asso ciation for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The greatest achievement of this traditional association was the lawful victory in brown versus board of education (1954) that overruled the separate and installed equal legal doctrine and was derived from Plessey, this made separation and segregation lawfully unallowable but there was rare or no practical example from the equal legal doctrine.The browns victory made the private citizen very invigorated but there was a lot of frustration because there were no immediate practical effects. This further led to rejection of the legal approaches as a mean of ending the racial discrimination, but still there was great resistance by the proponents of voter suppression and those of racial segregation. In defiance, there was adoption of a combination of strategies of direct actions that was called civil disobedience that was a non violent, these actions brought about a lot of crisis between the practitioners and the government authoritie s.The state, federal authorities and the local authorities had often to respond instantly to the crisis and the results were favoring of the practitioners in many situations. Civil disobedience forms included: 1. Boycotts, the most successful boycott were the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama. 2. sit –ins, the most influential sit-in was the North Carolina Greensboro sit – in of 1965 3. Marches, the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches of Alabama are one of the notable marches.The noted achievements of the civil right movements includes the 1957 civil right act, though it was minor, it was the earliest anti discriminatory law established since reconstruction, the 1964 civil rights act that banned the discrimination in public accommodation and employment practices, the 1965 voting right act that changes the united states immigration policy and the 1968 civil rights act that made it illegal in discrimination in rental or sale of housing REFERENCES Juan Williams, (1 988) Eyes on the Prize: America's civil rights years 1954-1965, Penguin books publishers, US

The importance of violence in A Good Man is Hard to Find...

The Importance of Violence in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor. In the story A Good Man is Hard to Find, Flannery O Connor uses violence as a force of both good and evil to demonstrate how people s attitudes and perspectives of life change when they are faced with a situation of violent danger. The story is about a family of six who, on their way to Florida are murdered by an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit. The characters include the grandmother, her son Bailey, his wife and their children John Wesley, June Star and the baby. In society violence is generally looked upon as evil because it is believed that no good can result from violence. When looking at the occurrence of violence in A Good Man†¦show more content†¦We see how the violent situation is beginning to effect her attitude when she reaches to adjust the brim of her hat and it comes off in her hand. She lets the hat fall to the ground, something she would or never have allowed to happen before. Later in the story the grandmother has an epiphany, a sort of moment of grace(344), in which she becomes confused and realizes that she is no better than anyone else. She sees that everyone is equal, tied together through kinship. ThisShow MoreRelatedFlannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Revelation1436 Words   |  6 Pagesconflicts of violence and racism, which is observed in the perspective of black and white individuals. Some of the most familiar southern authors are William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. One author in particular, Flannery O’Connor, is a remarkable author, who directly reflects upon southern grotesque within her two short stories, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Revelation.† These two short stories are very similar to each other, which is why I believe that O’Connor often writesRead MorePsychoanalytical Criticism of â€Å"a Good Man Is Hard to Find†1403 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytical Criticism of â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† A seemingly innocent family vacation can turn into a disaster if the members of the family only care about themselves. In the story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† by Flannery O’Connor, a self-absorbed Grandmother, too consumed with her own opinions, fails to address the views, feelings and overall well being of others. Her family is not much different in their self-interested ways. 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